FEASIBILITY
OF IMPLEMENTING PENETRATION METHODS TO ENHANCE QUALITIES OF IGW (INOCULATED
GAHARU WOOD)
By
Gusmailina
ABSTRACT
Gaharu
(eaglewood) signifies as one of the non-wood forest products commodities, which
contains resin or sweet-smelling dammar with specific fragrance. Consequently, gaharu is remarkably needed as
raw material for perfumery industries, drugs/medicine, cosmetics, incenses, and
preservatives, or as sacred items in religious rituals
Indonesia’s Ministery of Forestry
since 2001 has enacted policies that all gaharu exporters are obligated to
cultivate gaharu trees minimally on 2-hectare area. Throughout Indonesia,
there are recorded as many as 28 gaharu-exporter companies. The Asgarin (Indonesian
Association of Gaharu Enterprisers)’s data reveals that in late 2004,
the amount of areas used for the cultivation of particular gaharu species (Aquilaria
spp.) reached 1,200 ha, which corresponded to 25 gaharu trees. This amount tended to increase each year
commensurate with the socialization and eagerness of among others the so-called
one-million tree planting, Gerhan (national re-vegetation activities), or the
enthusiasms of the community themselves to perform the planting.
Kemedangan represents the resin
yielded by gaharu-synthesizing trees, but its qualities are below those of
sapwood. Generally to acquire or harvest
kemedangan, the cultivating-worker just awaits one year after inoculation. The failure of inoculation is often encountered
in various regions, such as Riau, Bengkulu, and Lombok. In addition, such failure also occurred in
Balangan, South Kalimantan. Even, there was one who had waited for 5
years after inoculation, and unfortunately he only acquired 2 kg of kemedangan
with low qualities.
In the years to come, artificial
gaharu yielded through inoculation will abundantly flood the market, jaudging
that the interest of the community is quite high to perform the planting. Such gaharu yielded from the inoculation techniques
is popular with the term so-called IGW (inoculated gaharu wood). Gaharu such as this class lacks the market
responses, since its qualities have not yet satisfied the consumer tastes. To anticipate such inconvenient situation, it
deserves seeking technologies which are feasible either technically or
economically in order that the gaharu that fails to become sapwood of such
class can be modified. In this way, the
loss suffered by the cultivating-workers can expectedly be overcome. The qualities of gaharu with such failure can
be enhanced by impregnating or filling into it some amount of material (in solution
form). This filling-solution
is extracted from the better-quality gaharu
powder. In relevant, this article
presents results of experiment on improving IGW qualities such that it affords
better commercial values.
Keywords: IGW, impregnation,
qualities, improving, commercial values
A. Backgrounds and Significances
Gaharu presents one of the NWFP
(non-wood forest products) commodities regarded as dependable, particularly
when viewed from its very specific prices compared to those of others. The sweet and specific smell evolved by
gaharu leads to the fact that it has long been traded as elite commodity,
thereby necessitating its optimal uses.
In general, gaharu is utilized in raw material or unprocessed forms
(e.g. round wood, chopped, and powder).
Sweet smell or fragrance as obtained through the gaharu burning is
commonly employed by the Middle-East community, while the more varying uses are
commonly done a lot in China,
Korea, and Japan.
In trade, there are gaharu classes
that has the lowest economic values.
Gaharu in these classes usually is lacked of attention, and tends not to
be responded by markets. Information
from several small-scale gaharu enterprises, particularly about the one in
these classes is frequently encountered at the first gaharu-collecting site. The presence of gaharu with such class group
comes from the sorting, classifying, selecting of gaharu stems which mostly
have not yet yielded gaharu. In this
way, sooner or later gaharu will accumulate there due to the unavailable or
uninterested customers.
The Ministry of Forestry ever since
2001, has enacted an obligation that every gaharu exporter cultivate gaharu
trees that occupies minimal 2 hectare area.
Throughout Indonesia,
there are recorded as many as 28 gaharu-exporter companies. Further, Asgarin’s
data reveals that in late 2004, the amount of areas used for the cultivation of
particular gaharu species (Aquilaria spp.) reached 1,200 ha, which
corresponded to 25 gaharu trees. This
amount tended to increase each year commensurate with the socialization of
among others the so-called one-million tree planting, Gerhan (national
re-vegetation activities), or the self-enthusiasms of the community to perform
the planting.
Kemedangan represents the resin
yielded by gaharu-synthesizing trees, but its qualities are below those of
sapwood. Generally to acquire or harvest
kemedangan, the cultivating-worker just awaits one year after inoculation. The failure of inoculation is often
encountered in various regions, such as Riau, Bengkulu, and Lombok. In addition, such failure also occurred in
Balangan, South Kalimantan. Even, there was one who had waited for 5
years after inoculation, and unfortunately he only acquired 2 kg of kemedangan
with low qualities.
In the years to come, artificial
gaharu yielded through inoculation will abundantly flood the market, judging
that the interest of the community is quite high to perform the planting. Such gaharu yielded from the inoculation
techniques is popular with the term so-called IGW (inoculated gaharu
wood). Gaharu such as this class however
lacks the market responses, since its qualities have not yet satisfied the
consumer tastes. To anticipate such
inconvenient situation, it deserves seeking technologies which are feasible
either technically or economically in order that the gaharu that fails to
become sapwood of such class can be modified.
In this way, the loss suffered by the cultivating-workers can be
overcome. The qualities of gaharu with
such failure can be enhanced by impregnating into it some amount of material in
solution form. The material solution is
extracted from the better-quality gaharu (in powder
form). In relevant, this article
presents results of experiment on improving IGW qualities such that it affords
better commercial values.
B. Development of Gaharu in Indonesia
In Indonesia, gaharu has become
popular since 1200’s. Indonesia’s gaharu is enormously sent to
countries such as China, Taiwan, and Saudi
Arabia (Middle East). Due to high consumption of gaharu from abroad
or overseas, particularly for the species Aquilaria malacensis, this
leads to the ever-increasing or incessant hunting of gaharu that occurs
uncontrollably. In fact, not all gaharu
trees can yield gaharu sapwood that affords high value. This is because the
gaharu hunters still have very little knowledge about gaharu, and
therefore they often do indiscriminate felling of gaharu trees without attempts
of replanting (cultivation). After all,
this has brought about the alarming sharp decrease in gaharu-tree population.
The potency of gaharu that exists in
Indonesia is originated from tree species of Aquilaria malacensis, A.
filarial, A. hirta, A. agalloccba Roxb, A. macrophylum,
Aetoxylon sympetalum, Gonystylus bancanus, G. macrobyllus, Enkleia
malacensis, Wilktroemia androsaemofolia, W. tenuriamis, Gyrinops cuminggiana,
Dalbergia parvifolia, and Excoccaria agaloccb. Of the many tree species that reveal potency
as gaharu producer, only one that affords yielding gaharu with high-commercial
values compared to other species, i.e. Aquilaria malacensis. Due to high value inflicted by this
commercial gaharu tree species, the hunting intensity of Aquilaria
malacensis becomes high.
Consequently, in accordance with the CITES (Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), in November 1994 the
gaharu-yielding (Aquilaria malacensis) tree species was included in the
group of the CITES’s Appendix 2.
The export trade of gaharu in Indonesia read
its peak during the period 1918-1925 and during the Dutch occupation in that
the gaharu volume reached 11 tons/year.
After Indonesia’s
independence, gaharu export with unlimited demand tended to increase, and even
the export destination reached not only Mainland China
but also Korea, Japan, and United States. Indonesia has long been famous
throughout the world as gaharu-producing country, and such high production is
supported by species potency with their tree distribution encountered almost in
any various forest regions.
Previously, gaharu export from Indonesia was
once recorded over 100 tons in 1985.
According to newspaper’s report (Daily Reformation Voice, dated on 12
January 2003), during the period 1990-1998, Indonesia’s gaharu export reached
165 tons in average with the value at US $ 2,000,000. Further, in 1999-2000, gaharu export
increased to 456 tons, with its corresponding value worth US $ 2,200,000. This proved and strongly indicated that gaharu
market will intensify more and more in the future. Unfortunately, since the end 2000 until 2002
the Indonesia’s
export figure sustained the decrease by about 30 tons, which was worth US$
600,000. The happened to difficulty
procuring gaharu, and also not all gaharu-yielding trees produce gaharu
sapwood. In addition, the gaharu trees
obtained from the natural forests tend to diminish due to illegal and
uncontrolled logging as well as no attempts on sustaining those trees after
being felled.
In the opinion of See et al.,
(1997)’s, the species that yield gaharu with good qualities are those of Aquilaria. It was further mentioned that those species
covered Aquilaria subintegra (Thailand), A. crassna (Malaysia,
Thailand, and Cambodia), A. malccensis (Malaysia, Thailand, and India), A.
banenonsis (Vietnam), A. beccarin (Indonesia), A. brachyantha
(Malaysia), A. cuminiana (Indonesia and Malaysia), A. khsiana
(India), A. microcarpa (Indonesia and Malaysia), A. rostrata
(Malaysia), and A. sinensis (China).
It was also mentioned that those species were categorized as being
threatened to their extinction, and therefore belong to the Appendix II of the
CITES. Consequently, beginning 2000,
almost each of those countries has started cultivating those species. Even in India, gaharu has been cultivated
since 1980s (Baruah et al., 1982).
C. Uses of Gaharu
Gaharu can serve as the main needs for
the community in the Middle East who use it as incense for religious ceremony. The community at East
Asia also uses gaharu as hio. Gaharu oil signifies as very expensive raw
material for cosmetic industries such as perfumes, soaps, lotions, face
cleaners, and drugs for the curing of hepatitis, liver, anti-allergy, coughing
medicine, stomachache sedatives, rheumatic, malaria, asthma, and TBC.
Gaharu in the form of solid resin that
exists in the wood tissues is basically composed of the main constituents, i.e.
furanoid sesquiterpene (a-agarrofuran, bagarofuran, and agarospirol), furanoid
sesquiterpene, chromone (from the species of A. malaccensis), sesquiterpenoida,
eudesmana, and valencana. Those constituents bring about the specific
characteristics of gaharu such as chromone that gives off sweet-smelling aroma.
Gaharu used the most is in the form of
raw material (i.e. round wood, chips, and powder). The sweet-smelling or fragrant aroma of
gaharu is obtained by burning it as simply done by the Middle-East community
(such as Saudi Arabia, Uni
Emirat Arab, Yaman, and Oman). Meanwhile, the gaharu as used more variably
is done a lot in China, Korea, and Japan, such as raw material for
industries of consecutively perfumes, cosmetics, incenses, and preservatives
for various accessory types as well as religious rituals.
The advancement in medical technology
has proved clinically that gaharu is usable as drugs for anti-asthma,
anti-microbe, nerve-easing stimulant, digestive aids. In the ancient China, gaharu is used for
stomachache remedy, sexual-enhancer, pain reliever, cancer, diarrhea,
choked-throat, kidney, and lung tumor.
In Europe, gaharu is used as cancer
medicine. In India, gaharu is also used as
intestine-tumor drugs. In addition, in
several countries such as Singapore,
China, Korea, Japan,
and United States,
gaharu has been developed as drugs for stress reliever, kidney troubles,
stomachache, asthma, hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver swellng, and lymph.
D. The Prospects of Gaharu Business
As much as 2000 tons of gaharu per
year fills up the trade centers in Singapore. About 70% of that gaharu is originated from Indonesia, while the remaining 30% comes from
other South East Asia countries. Natural forests nowadays are unable to
provide gaharu any longer. Gaharu that
results from cultivation can serve as alternative to support the world
community continually. If one gaharu
tree resulting from the cultiation yields 10 kg of gaharu (for all classes),
then it will require the harvest of 200,000 trees per year. Unfortunately, it should be considered that
the cultivation of gaharu trees with monoculture system could bring about some risks. Recently, the pests caused by the severe
larvae attack leave many gaharu trees dead, after being inoculated while still
in standing condition (Figure 1).
Consequently, monoculture gaharu-cultivation is not selected or favored
as alternative, and instead the gaharu cultivation should be intercropped or
mixed with other hard or more-resistant plants, thereby preventing or lessening
the risk of pest attack.
In anticipation for such situation, it
is necessary to find a technology which sounds technically and economically
feasible in order that the gaharu products where its host trees are dead due to
pests or fails to develop sapwood can be modified, thereby overcoming the loss
suffered by the gaharu cultivators. The
qualities of gaharu products with such failure can be improved by injecting
into it some amount of substance in solution.
This substance solution is initially obtained by extracting the gaharu
powder using particular solution. In
relevant, this activity would focus on the finding of technology which is
technically and economically feasible in the penetration process and substance
solution to improve the qualities of IGW (inoculated gaharu wood).
Figure 1. The cultivated gaharu
trees after being injected (inoculated), which stood dead due to pest attack;
its corresponding wood is potential to be processed into the impregnated
gaharu. Location as Forest Area for
Special Purpose (FASP) at Carita, Bonton (photo by Gusmailina, 2010).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Location
The location to procure research
materials for gaharu extract was situated in East Java,
where the collectors of gaharu from Manokwari (Irian Jaya) stayed there. Research materials as gaharu wood that failed
to develop into gaharu sapwood were obtained from consecutively West Java, Banten, and Bangka Belitung. Research experiment took place in the
Laboratories of consecutively Chemical Processing on Forest Products, Non-Wood
Forest Products, and Wood Preservation, in all administratively under the
Center for Research and Development on Forestry Engineering and Forest Products
Processing (CRDFEFPP) in Bogor. Further, scrutinizing the anatomy of wood
before and after the experiment was done at the laboratory of Wood Anatomy
(also under the CRDFEFPP), and chromatography analysis proceeded at the
Laboratory of Chemical Instrument, under the Unit of Instrument and Equipment
in Bandung.
B. Materials and Equipment
Materials and equipment as used
comprised:
- Low-quality gaharu, merely as gaharu-tree stem that was dead (following inoculation) due to the pest attack, which
was further processed to enhance its qualities (Figure 1);
- The mixture of better-quality or superior
gaharu (in powder form) originated from Manokwari, which was used as the stuff for extract, further employed as the
filling solution (Figure 2);
- Technical methanol used as the
solvent for extracting that stuff;
- Equipment used as the impregnation tool, specially designed for the
enhancement of gaharu qualities; it has the capacity to deal with 1 kg of stuff
using vacuum method (Figure 3);
- Other supporting materials/devices such as beaker glass, soxhlet
extractor, Erlenmeyer, distilled water, and others.
Figure
2
Figure 3
Figure 2. Kemedangan gaharu
powder originated from Manokwari, used as the extract stuff
Figure 3. Impregnation tool to enhance the qualities of
gaharu
C. Procedures
The procedures started with
consecutively providing test sample, and preparing extract solution to be
filled into low-quality gaharu through the penetration or impregnation process.
1. Sample preparation
The inferior gaharu substance, where
its qualities would be enhanced was obtained from West
Java, Banten (Figure 4), and
Bangka Belitung, and such gaharu was taken from its host trees after being
inoculated and afterwards became dead due to pest attack. This gaharu stuff was physically treated into
particular shapes that looked almost like those of natural gaharu (Figures 5
and 6). Afterwards, the shaped gaharu
stuff was dried in the oven to reach the dryness level or moisture content
similar to those before this treatment. Further, two gaharu shapes, i.e. after and being physically
treated, were analyzed of their basic properties covering specific gravity and
resin content.
Figure 4. Gaharu of IGW type,
originated from West Java and Banten, of which
its qualities would be enhanced (Documentation photo by Gusmailina, 2000);
Remarks: IGW = inoculated gaharu wood
Figure 5. The shaping of gaharu (of IGW type) into
pieces, where its qualities would be enhanced; IGW = inoculated gaharu wood
Figure 6. Samples of various
shapes of IGW gaharu as pieces, before being processed/experimented
(Documentation by Gusmailina, 2010)
2. Preparing of gaharu-extract
solution
Assessing the previous research
results done in 2000, where the best extract solution was obtained using the
pressure method, then in 2010 the extract solution was prepared in the same
way. The gaharu stuff as used
represented the kemedangan gaharu, originated from Manokwari, further shaped
into powder (Figure 2). This powder was
then heated in methanol solvent and
subsequently pressed to yield out the extract solution. This resulting solution (Figure 7) was used
as the filling (diffusing) stuff in the further
impregnation process.
Figure 7. Extract solution of
gahatu (originated from Manokwari), used as the filling solution (Photo by Gusmailina, 2010)
3. Quality analysis
The gaharu that resulted from
impregnation was analyzed to assess its
qualities, covering increases/changes in specific gravity and resin
content. In this regard the specific
gravity is defined as the ratio between the density of woody stuff (at oven-dry
weight and the volume at various stuff condition) and the density of water (at
4oC). In addition, gaharu
analysis was also conducted using GC-MS (gas chromatography – mass
spectrometry).
D. Data Analysis
The data analysis employed the so-called completely randomized design
with factorial patterns. The data
comprised specific gravity of gaharu after the impregnation process (Y1),
volume of extract solution that was filled (diffused) into low-quality (inferior) gaharu using the impregnation process (Y2),
and resin content in the gaharu also after the process (Y3). Meanwhile, there were 3 factors (A, B, and C)
as implemented:
- Low-quality gaharu samples
(A) in three levels (place origins), consecutively Bangka Belitung (BB), West
Java (SS), and Banten (ES);
- Temperature variables (B)
in three levels, consecutively 45-50oC, 50-55oC, and room
(cool) temperature;
- Duration variables (C) in three
levels, consecutively 1, 2, and 3 hours
- Each of the factor
combinations (A x B x C = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27) was replicated 3 (three) times.
III. RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
A. Analysis on Gaharu
Stuffs for Research Materials
Results of the analysis on gaharu
(prior to the research/experiment) are presented in Table 1. From the data (Table 1), it turned out that
moisture content of gaharu samples with various location origins apparently did
not differ from each other. About resin
content, conversely, there seemed remarkable different resin contents with the
differing-locations of gaharu-sample origins.
Likewise, about specific gravity of gaharu, similar phenomena occurred
to those of its corresponding resin content.
Table 1. Basic properties of several gaharu samples
before being used in the research
|
|
Basic properties for
|
Gaharu-sample origin
|
|
||
|
No
|
the assessment-criteria *)
|
BB
|
ES
|
SS
|
2009
|
|
1
|
Moisture content **)
|
8.51
|
8.52
|
8.28
|
4.19
|
|
2
|
Resin content **)
|
13.54
|
16.94
|
17.36
|
9.13
|
|
3
|
Specific gavity **)
|
0.36
|
0.47
|
0.50
|
0.41
|
|
4
|
Resin content of the filling
solution, where it corresponding superior gaharu originated from Papua
|
20.29
|
|||
Remarks:
*) Average from 5 replications; ** ) of the gaharu sample that would be filled
with the resin; BB = from Bangka; ES = from Banten; SS = from West
Java; 2009 = the year when the gaharu research-materials were
used, originated from Riau (presented as the comparison)
Further, the resin in the extract
solution to be used as the filling stuff was the one originated from Papua,
which corresponded to 20.29%. This
figure was lower compared to that in the extract solution from Riau origin used
as the filling stuff in 2009, reaching as much as 44.62% (Gusmailina,
2009). The greater the resin content in
gaharu, then usually the higher its price.
However, there are customers who rather favor the gaharu aroma as
released when it is burnt, than the analysis results on its resin content. This implies that the relativity aspects
determine a lot the price and qualities of gaharu, thereby depending much on
customer preference.
Specific gravity of wood stuff closely
relates to its strength, and presents the best index to reveal the amount of
substances in dry-wood piece connected with the wood-strength index. Although wood specific gravity serves as a
favorable guidance to predict its strength, in fact it is also affected by the
exudates, resin, and extractives content, which inherently inflict little
effect on wood strength. The wood
density in particular species vary with a number of factors that cover
locations within the tree, locations within the species range, condition of
growth site, and genetic sources.
Likewise, the gaharu specific gravity as this research material is also
affected by the resin content inside such gaharu wood.
B. Analysis on the Gaharu
Product after the Impregnation Process
The analysis covered specific
gravity, volume of extract solution that was filled (diffused) into low-quality
gaharu, and resin content; and the results are presented in Table 2. Analysis of variance revealed that the effect
of impregnation duration (ID), impregnation temperature (IT), and location
origin of the low-quality gaharu (LO) was significant on the volume of solution
extract impregnated (diffused) into such gaharu (Table 3). About specific
gravity of gaharu, the efect of
impregnation duration and location origin was significant, while the effect of
impregnation temperature was insignificant.
Further scrutiny on properties of the impregnated gaharu was done using
the Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test (Table 4).
Table 2.
Properties of gaharu products after the impregnation process
|
|
Treatment (variables)
|
Properties
|
||||
|
No
|
ID, hours
|
IT, oC
|
LO
|
SG
|
V, %
|
R, %
|
|
1
|
1
|
45-50
|
BB
|
0.36
|
15.59
|
|
|
2
|
1
|
45-50
|
SS
|
0.49
|
17.89
|
|
|
3
|
1
|
45-50
|
ES
|
0.47
|
16.52
|
|
|
4
|
1
|
50-55
|
BB
|
0.36
|
11.58
|
|
|
5
|
1
|
50-55
|
SS
|
0.48
|
17.14
|
|
|
6
|
1
|
50-55
|
ES
|
0.47
|
16.93
|
|
|
7
|
1
|
RT
|
BB
|
0.37
|
25.46
|
|
|
8
|
1
|
RT
|
SS
|
0.50
|
37.36
|
|
|
9
|
1
|
RT
|
ES
|
0.48
|
49.61
|
|
|
10
|
2
|
45-50
|
BB
|
0.39
|
14.67
|
|
|
11
|
2
|
45-50
|
SS
|
0.50
|
18.11
|
|
|
12
|
2
|
45-50
|
ES
|
0.47
|
20.31
|
|
|
13
|
2
|
50-55
|
BB
|
0.40
|
12.84
|
|
|
14
|
2
|
50-55
|
SS
|
0.51
|
18.31
|
|
|
15
|
2
|
50-55
|
ES
|
0.49
|
19.61
|
|
|
16
|
2
|
RT
|
BB
|
0.44
|
30.92
|
|
|
17
|
2
|
RT
|
SS
|
0.51
|
47.89
|
|
|
18
|
2
|
RT
|
ES
|
0.45
|
49.48
|
|
|
19
|
3
|
45-50
|
BB
|
0.44
|
14.11
|
|
|
20
|
3
|
45-50
|
SS
|
0.54
|
17.27
|
|
|
21
|
3
|
45-50
|
ES
|
0.55
|
16.81
|
|
|
22
|
3
|
50-55
|
BB
|
0.44
|
14.41
|
|
|
23
|
3
|
50-55
|
SS
|
0.54
|
16.87
|
|
|
24
|
3
|
50-55
|
ES
|
0.52
|
15.73
|
|
|
25
|
3
|
RT
|
BB
|
0.55
|
47.78
|
|
|
26
|
3
|
RT
|
SS
|
0.55
|
51.68
|
|
|
27
|
3
|
RT
|
ES
|
0.57
|
57.65
|
|
Remarks: ID = impregnation duration
(hours): 1, 2, and 3; IT = impregnation temperature (oC): 45-50,
50-55, RT = room temperature; LO = location origins of raw materials
(low-quality gaharu): BB= Bangka-Belitung,
SS = West Java, ES = Banten; SG =
specific gravity of gaharu; V = volume portion of the impregnating extract
solution that diffused into the low-quality gaharu (raw material); R = resin
content in such gaharu
Table 3. Analysis of
variance on properties of the impregnated gaharu
|
|
|
Properties
|
|||||
|
Sources of variation
|
|
Specific gravity
|
Volume portion of the
impregnating extract-solution
|
Resin content
|
|||
|
|
df
|
F-calc.
|
P
|
F-calc.
|
P
|
F-calc.
|
P
|
|
Total
|
134
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Treatment
|
26
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-Impregnation temperature (A)
|
2
|
2.36
|
tn
|
997.90
|
**
|
|
|
|
-Impregnation duration (B)
|
2
|
34.31
|
**
|
23.38
|
**
|
|
|
|
-Location origin (C
|
2
|
41.90
|
**
|
72.45
|
**
|
|
|
|
-Interaction:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A*B
|
4
|
1.30
|
tn
|
25.95
|
**
|
|
|
|
A*C
|
4
|
1.41
|
tn
|
20.50
|
**
|
|
|
|
B*C
|
4
|
1.96
|
tn
|
4.16
|
**
|
|
|
|
A*B*C
|
8
|
0.52
|
tn
|
3.14
|
**
|
|
|
|
Error
|
108
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean
|
|
0.48
|
25.65
|
|
|||
|
Unit
|
|
-
|
%
|
|
|||
|
CV
|
|
9.14
|
11.25
|
|
|||
|
D0.05
|
|
0.252
|
3.421
|
|
|||
Remarks:
* = significant at 5%; ** = nyata pada
(significant at) 1%; tn = not
significant; CV = coeff. of
variation); P = probability; D0.05 =
critical value of Tukey’s honestly significant difference at 5%
Table 4. Tukey’s honestly significant difference test
on properties of the impregnated gaharu, expressed in grade (G) and scores (S)
|
|
Treatment
|
Properties *)
|
|
|||||||
|
No
|
ID,
|
IT,
|
LO
|
SG
|
V, %
|
R, %
|
TS
|
|||
|
|
hours
|
oC
|
|
G
|
S
|
G
|
S
|
G
|
S
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
45-50
|
BB
|
F
|
1
|
J
|
3
|
|
|
4
|
|
2
|
1
|
45-50
|
SS
|
C
|
4
|
H
|
5
|
|
|
9
|
|
3
|
1
|
45-50
|
ES
|
D
|
3
|
I
|
4
|
|
|
7
|
|
4
|
1
|
50-55
|
BB
|
F
|
1
|
L
|
1
|
|
|
2
|
|
5
|
1
|
50-55
|
SS
|
CD
|
3.5
|
H
|
5
|
|
|
8.5
|
|
6
|
1
|
50-55
|
ES
|
D
|
3
|
I
|
4
|
|
|
7
|
|
7
|
1
|
RT
|
BB
|
F
|
1
|
F
|
7
|
|
|
8
|
|
8
|
1
|
RT
|
SS
|
C
|
4
|
D
|
9
|
|
|
13
|
|
9
|
1
|
RT
|
ES
|
CD
|
3.5
|
B
|
11
|
|
|
14.5
|
|
10
|
2
|
45-50
|
BB
|
E
|
2
|
K
|
2
|
|
|
4
|
|
11
|
2
|
45-50
|
SS
|
C
|
4
|
H
|
5
|
|
|
9
|
|
12
|
2
|
45-50
|
ES
|
D
|
3
|
FG
|
6.5
|
|
|
9.5
|
|
13
|
2
|
50-55
|
BB
|
E
|
2
|
KL
|
1.5
|
|
|
3.5
|
|
14
|
2
|
50-55
|
SS
|
BC
|
4.5
|
H
|
5
|
|
|
9.5
|
|
15
|
2
|
50-55
|
ES
|
C
|
4
|
G
|
6
|
|
|
10
|
|
16
|
2
|
RT
|
BB
|
E
|
2
|
E
|
8
|
|
|
10
|
|
17
|
2
|
RT
|
SS
|
BC
|
4.5
|
C
|
10
|
|
|
14.5
|
|
18
|
2
|
RT
|
ES
|
DE
|
2.5
|
B
|
11
|
|
|
13.5
|
|
19
|
3
|
45-50
|
BB
|
E
|
2
|
K
|
2
|
|
|
4
|
|
20
|
3
|
45-50
|
SS
|
A
|
6
|
H
|
5
|
|
|
11
|
|
21
|
3
|
45-50
|
ES
|
A
|
6
|
I
|
4
|
|
|
10
|
|
22
|
3
|
50-55
|
BB
|
E
|
2
|
K
|
2
|
|
|
4
|
|
23
|
3
|
50-55
|
SS
|
AB
|
5.5
|
I
|
4
|
|
|
9.5
|
|
24
|
3
|
50-55
|
ES
|
B
|
5
|
J
|
3
|
|
|
8
|
|
25
|
3
|
RT
|
BB
|
A
|
6
|
C
|
10
|
|
|
16
|
|
26
|
3
|
RT
|
SS
|
A
|
6
|
B
|
11
|
|
|
17
|
|
27
|
3
|
RT
|
ES
|
A
|
6
|
A
|
12
|
|
|
18
|
Remarks: *)Average
of 5 replications; ID = impregnation duration (hours): 1, 2, and 3; IT =
impregnation temperature (oC): 45-50, 50-55, RT = room temperature;
LO = location origins of raw materials (low-quality gaharu): BB=
Bangka-Belitung, SS = West Java, ES =
Banten; SG = specific gravity of gaharu;
V = Volume portion of the impregnating extract solution that diffused into the
low-quality gaharu (raw material); R = resin content in such gaharu; G = grade
(A, B, C, D, E, etc.); and S = scores (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.); the higher the grade (or the score),
then the better the gaharu qualities (A>B>C.D>E… etc, or
6>5>4>3>2>1); TS = total score.
Results of assessment using the HSD
tests (Tables 2, 3, and 4) revealed that specific gravity of the impregnated
gaharu with the raw material originated from West Java (SS) entirely turned out
to be the highest followed in decreasing order by the one from consecutively
Banten (ES) and Bangka Belitung (BB). As
described previously, specific gravity of gaharu is affected by among others
its resin content. Therefore, such
phenomena was reasonable since the specific gravity of gaharu raw material with
West Java origin (SS) was the highest (Table 1), followed as well in decreasing
order by the one with consecutively Banten and Bangka-Belitung origins. About impregnation duration (Tables 2, 3, and
4), it revealed that the longer the duration then greater the specific
gravity. This is logical since longer
duration allowed more time for the extract solution to impregnate (diffuse)
into the gaharu, thereby increasing gaharu specific gravity. On the other hand, the insignificant effect
of impregnation temperature on gaharu specific gravity (Table 4) implied that
all range of the experimented temperature (45-50oC, 50-55oC,
and room temperature) could be employed in the impregnation process. However, the room temperature (RT) seemed
winning the favor, since it is the most energy-saving. From the overall HSD’s tests, it turned out
that the 10 ranks about the highest gaharu specific gravity (score range 4-6)
was dominated by implementation of impregnation at room temperature with 3-hour
duration and using gaharu raw material originated from West Java and Banten (Table 4 and Figure 8).
Figure
8. Specific gravity of gaharu samples (vertical scales at 0 – 0.6) after the impregnation
Remarks:
BB= Bangka-Belitung, SS = West Java, ES = Banten;
1a
= temperature treatment at 45-50oC, with impregnation duration for 1
hour
1b
= temperature treatment at 50-55oC, with impregnation duration for 1
hour
1c = room-temperature (without
elevated-temperature treatment), with impregnation duration for 1 hour
2a
= temperature treatment at 45-50oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
2b
= temperature treatment at 50-55oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
2c = room-temperature (without
elevated-temperature treatment), with impregnation duration for 2 hours
3a
= temperature treatment at 45-50oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
3b
= temperature treatment at 50-55oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
3c = room-temperature (without
elevated-temperature treatment), with impregnation duration for 2 hours
About the volume portion of extract
solution impregnated into the gaharu raw material, results of assessment using
the HSD test (Table 2, and 4; and Figure 9)
revealed that the longer the impregnation duration, then the more volume
portion of the extract solution impregnated into the gaharu raw material. It is logical as well, similar to the case of
gaharu specific gravity. Regarding the
impregnation temperature, it seemed that the use of room temperature yielded
the gaharu products the largest volume of extract solution that entered
(diffused) into the gaharu raw material, while the ones at 45-50oC
and 50-55oC appeared to be much lower and insignificantly different
from each other. Meanwhile, it revealed
that the largest volume of extract solution that entered into gaharu apparently
was the one with Banten origin, followed in decreasing order with consecutively
West Java and Bangka Belitung origins (Figure 9).
From the overall HSD’s tests, it revealed that, almost similar to the
case of specific gravity, the 10 ranks about the highest volume of
impregnating-extract-solution (score range 6.5-12) was dominated by
implementation of impregnation at room temperature, but with either 1-, 2-, or 3-hour duration and using gaharu raw material
originated from Bangka-Belitung, West Java, and Banten (Table 4 and Figure 9).
Figure 9. Volume portion (%) of superior-gaharu-extract
solution (vertical scales at 0 – 70) that
entered (diffused) into the inferior gaharu
Remarks:
BB= Bangka-Belitung, SS = West Java, ES = Banten;
1a
= temperature treatment at 45-50oC, with impregnation duration for 1
hour
1b
= temperature treatment at 50-55oC, with impregnation duration for 1
hour
1c = room-temperature (without
elevated-temperature treatment), with impregnation duration for 1 hour
2a
= temperature treatment at 45-50oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
2b
= temperature treatment at 50-55oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
2c = room-temperature (without
elevated-temperature treatment), with impregnation duration for 2 hours
3a
= temperature treatment at 45-50oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
3b
= temperature treatment at 50-55oC, with impregnation duration for 2
hours
3c = room-temperature (without
elevated-temperature treatment), with impregnation duration for 2 hours
D(c)1
= room-temperature (without elevated-temperature treatment), using other
equipment
D(c)2=
room-temperature (without elevated-temperature treatment), using other
equipment
D(c)3=
room-temperature (without elevated-temperature treatment), using other
equipment
It is necessary to know that the
impregnation at room temperature was repeated by employing another equipment
(device) to gain more reasonable data about the volume portion of
impregnating-extract-solution. This idea
came out due to the doubting suspect about why such volume portion resulting
from the impregnation at room temperature was surprisingly greater than the
ones at elevated temperatures (45-50oC and 50-55oC). It turned out that the volume portion of
impregnating-extract-solution with the use of other equipment/device tended to
be slightly higher than the one with the use of previous equipment/device
(Figure 9). These occurring phenomena
might be attributable to the operating disturbance in the previous equipment,
rendering unstable in the achieved temperature.
Therefore, it is suggested that the acquired data and experiment be
repeated in the future.
When examined on the volume of extract
solution that entered into the gaharu material after the impregnation process,
it turned out that the optimal volume was not yet achieved. This is because such volume has not yet
reached 60% or over. The highest result
achieved in the impregnation process was the one without elevated-temperature
treatment (room/cool temperature) with the duration of 3 hours, using gaharu
material originated from Banten (i.e. 57.65%, followed in decreasing order by
the gaharu from consecutively West Java
(51.68%) and Bangka-Belitung (47.68%).
However, when compared to that as achieved using the same
equipment/device done in 2009 (i.e. 59%), the overall results of this
experiment were still lower, although such difference was not statistically
significant. Therefore, this experiment
still deserves further continuation in the future to obtain the temperature
treatment regarded as the most optimum.
The overall assessment that
incorporated the aspects of gaharu specific gravity and volume portion of
impregnating-extract-solution using the total-score (TS) criteria (results of
manipulated HSD tests) revealed the 10 best rank of gaharu-product qualities
(Table 4; TS range = 10-18) was dominated by the impregnation at room
temperature at the durations at 2 and 3 hours, using gaharu raw material with
West Java and Banten origins (Figure 9).
C. Color
The color of gaharu can serve as the
criteria of observation qualitatively.
From the color can be observed the changes that occur to gaharu between
the one before processing (impregnation treatment and the one afterwards. Results of observation revealed that there
were changes in color from pale white (before impregnation treatment) and to
become strong brown (afterwards). In
Figure 10 are illustrated the color changes of gaharu before and after the
impregnation treatment.
A
B
Figure 10. Sample of IGW (gaharu wood
to be impregnated) before (A) and after (B) the impregnation treatment
D. Analysis through Anatomy Features
The anatomy analysis was conducted to
look into how far the impregnation has taken place inside gaharu wood. Results revealed that impregnation of extract
solution into the gaharu woods seemed visually successful, but all the empty
spaces and pores in gaharu wood were already filled-up by such extract solution
(Figure 11).
|
A B
Figure 11. The anatomy features on the
cross section of gaharu wood before (A) and after (B) the impregnation
treatment
E. Chromatography Analysis
Results of chromatography analysis
revealed that there have been changes in features and composition of gaharu raw
material following the impregnation. In
Figure 12 can be seen the chromatograph featuring the profile of gaharu raw
material with its chemical compounds already detected, among others:
1 C8 H11 N O
([5-methyl-3-(3-butenyl)]isoxazole $$ Isoxazole, 3-(3-butenyl)-5-methyl-)
2 C10 H15 N O3
-octahydro-3-methyl-1H-furo[3',4':4,5]-isoxazolo[2,3-a]pyridin-1- C5H9N
3 C5H9N (Butane, 1-isocyano- Butyl
isocyanide n-Butyl isocyanide
Butylisonitrile)
4 C5 H9 N (Butane, 1-isocyano- (CAS) Butyl
isocyanide n-Butyl isocyanide Butyl isonitrile)
5 C17 H27 N O
(5-(3-Butenyl)-3-(9-decenyl)isoxazole)
Dan lain-lain komponen
Figure 12. Chromatograph revealing
particular compounds in gaharu (before impregnation treatment)
Meanwhile, in Figure 13 is shown the chromatograph
(after impregnation treatment) that exhibited the chemical components as
detected, which comprised among others
(berikut ini tolong di copy-paste saja dari
naskah yang bahasa Indonesia).
Based on the results of chromatograph as such, it can be deduced from the
chromatography analysis that before impregnation the gaharu also contained
those compounds but each in lower concentration. After the impregnation, it turned out that
from the chromatography analysis as well those compounds were detected in much
higher concentration. This indicates
that there occurred an addition of particular chemical compounds to the gaharu
due to impregnation treatment. The more details about those compounds in the
impregnation-treated gaharu are depicted in Appendix 1.
Figure 13. Chromatograph revealing
particular compounds in gaharu (after impregnation treatment)
V. CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The impregnation of extract solution
obtained from high-quality gaharu into low-quality gaharu brought about the
increase in the latter gaharu, although such achievement was not yet
optimal. In addition, such impregnation
also changed the color of gaharu previously pale white to become strong brown
(after impregnation).
2. Specific gravity of the impregnated
gaharu with West java origin was the highest followed in decreasing order by
those with consecutively Banten and Bangka Belitung origins. About impregnation duration, the longer the
duration then the greater the specific gravity.
Meanwhile, different impregnation temperature did not caused significant
difference either in gaharu specific gaharu.
3. Regarding the highest specific
gravity in the 10 ranks, it revealed that the impregnation favored the gaharu
raw material with West Java and Banten origin,
at room temperature with 3-hoour duration.
4. About the volume portion of
extraction solution impregnated (entering) into the gaharu raw material, it
revealed that the longer the impregnation duration then the greater such volume
portion. Regarding the impregnation
temperature, the use of room (cool) temperature brought the highest volume
portion compared to those with 45-50oC and 50-55oC
temperature. Meanwhile, the volume
portion that entered into the gaharu raw material with Banten origin was the
highest, followed in decreasing order by the ones with West
Java and Bangka Belitung origins.
5. Regarding the highest volume portion
(entering into the gaharu) raw material in the 10 ranks, it turned out that the
impregnation favored the impregnation at room temperature, using either 1-, 2-,
or 3-hour duration and using gaharu raw
material with Bangka-Belitung, West Java, and
Banten origins.
6. In assessment incorporating the
aspects of gaharu specific gravity and volume portion as such concurrently, it
revealed that the 10 best ranks of the resulting impregnated-gaharu qualities
were dominated by those with the impregnation at room temperature at the
duration at 2 and 3 hours, using gaharu raw material with West Java and Banten
origins.
7. From the anatomy observation on
gaharu wood, it turned out that impregnation temperatures rendered part of the
void spaces and pores in gaharu wood filled up by the extract solution,
although such results were not yet optimal.
8. Results of chromatography analysis on
the gaharu (before impregnation) revealed that it contained particular
compounds. Further, results of the
corresponding analysis on the gaharu (after impregnation) deduced that the
similar compounds were also mostly present, but in higher concentration,
implying that the impregnation brought about such increases (addition).
9. To obtain the impregnated gaharu
products with optimal qualities, this experiment still deserves further
continuation, and the resulting data can expectedly become a reference for the
next undertaking.
LITERTURES
CITED
Ahmad
S. (1983) "Isolation of 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone from Gonystylus
bancanus ." Planta Med. 48
(5), 62-3. Planta Med. 48 (5), 62-3.
Baruah J.N., Mathur
R.K., Jain S.M. & Kataky J.C.S. (1982) "Agarwood." In Cultivation
and Utilisation of Aromatic Plants Atal C.K. & Kapur B.M. eds. CSIR
Jammu-Tawi, India pp 662-667.
Burfield
T., 2005. Agarwood Chemistry. http://www.cropwat.org (Di baca Agustus 2008).
Balfas, J. 2009. Kandungan Resin
Pada Kayu Gaharu Kualitas Rendah. Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Vol.27 No. 2.
Juni 2008. Pusat Litbang Hasil
Hutan, Bogor.
Balfas, J. 2009. komunikasi pribadi. Bogor
Gusmailina.
2009. Teknologi Peningkatan Mutu
Gaharu Kualitas Rendah. Laporan hasil
penelitian. Program Insentif Riset
Terapan 2010. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan,
Bogor.
Masakazu,
1990. Three Sesquiterpenes from
Agarwood. Phytochemistry 30:2. Japan
Rohadi,
D. dan S. Sumadiwangsa. 2001. Prospek dan Tantangan Pengembangan Gaharu di
Indonesia. Proseding Lokakarya Pengembangan Gaharu, Mataram 4-5 September 2001.
Direktorat Bina Usaha Perhutanan Rakyat. Ditjen RLPS. Jakarta.
Soehartono,T. 2001.
Gaharu, Kegunaan dan Pemanfaatan. Proseding Lokakarya Pengembangan Gaharu,
Mataram 4-5 September 2001. Direktorat Bina Usaha Perhutanan Rakyat. Ditjen
RLPS. Jakarta
See: Ng, L.T., Chang
Y.S. and Kadir, A.A. (1997) "A review on agar (gaharu) producing Aquilaria
species" Journal of Tropical
Forest Products 2(2): pp. 272-285.
[6]
Sumadiwangsa S. 1997.
Kayu gaharu Komoditi Elit di Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta:
Manggala Wanabakti. Jakarta
mau yang asik ? adu ayam
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