THE POTENCY OF CHARCOAL
(BIOCHAR) AS BIOCONDITIONER TO ENHANCE LAND AND VEGETATION PRODUCTIVITY AND
PROVIDE CARBON-OFFSET FOR MITIGATING CO2 EMISSION
By
Gusmailina
Center for Research and Development
on Forestry Engineering and Forest Products
Processing (PUSTEKOLAH),
Jln Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor 11610 Telp/Fax
0251-8633378/8633413
E-mail: gsmlina@mail.com
SUMMARY
Biochar presents the charcoal whereby
its use focuses on soil improver, known also as a biomaterial-derived
product. The bio exhibits specific
characteristics such as high-surface area, high volume (bulkiness), the
presence of micropores as well as micropores, affording particular density, and
ability to hold water. Such
characteristics enable the biocharcoal to provide carbon (C), mitigate CO2
emission from the earth atmosphere by holding it deep inside earth soil. Biochar also seems more persistent in the
soil thereby rendering it potential as the sink of the atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2). Biochar
provide as well the growth media favorably for various soil microbes. Besides, biochar can impart the retention of
water as well as soil nutrients, thereby enhancing their availability. The effect of increasing the soil carbon
content using biochar is more permanent compared to that using other organic
stuffs or fertilizers. The benefit as
exerted by placing biochar in the soil is the increase in soil pH and
activities of soil microorganisms, thereby triggering the growth of vegetation
sprouts and earns itself the term as bioconditioner.
Biochar exerts its role to hold the
carbon for relatively longer duration, reaching 15-20 years. Even the latest information reported that
biochar could serve as carbon store for at least 100 years. Moreover, several experts stated that it
could last more than 5000 years. The
carbon offsets signifies as the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) measured
in CO2-equivalent tons. The
offset or saving of carbon is realized from the changes as imposed to avoid
such GHG release in the atmosphere by absorbing CO2 or other GHGs (e.g. methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, hexafluorocarbons, ansd sulfur-hexafluoride. Therefore, additional carbon offset in this
context refers to intensifying the mitigation of CO2 emission
through the use of so-called biochar.
Keywords:
charcoal, biochar, bioconditioner, GHG gases, bio-active compost charcoal,
bioconditioner, carbon offset
I. INTRODUCTION
Charcoal or biochar stands for bio and charcoal, and
this relatively new term is used to describe that charcoal that presently
serves as an alternative energy, in fact can exert other benefit, when properly
used and implemented at the soil/land area.
Hence, biochar presents charcoal, whereby its use focuses on soil
improver. biochar has become more popular, since the discovery of black-colored
soil in the Amazon
Valley, often called as
Terra preta which was formed more than 2000 years ago by the habit of the local
community there to burn biomass and then bury it in the soil. The soil managed by the Ameridian tribe about
500-2500 years ago in fact could maintain its organic carbon tent and high
fertility even for several thousand years more when it was abandoned by the
local community. The source of those
soil organic stuffs and the retention of such high nutrients were brought about
the high charcoal content inside the soil.
Meanwhile, the acidic soil in the area vicinity exhibited the low
fertility levels.
Biochar also known as
biomaterial-detived charcoal exhibit specific cagracteristics such as high
surface area, high volume (bulkiness), the presence of micropores as well as
micropores, exerting particular density, and ability to hold water. Those characteristics enable the biochar to
provide carbon, mitigate CO2 emission from the earth atmosphere by
holding it deep inside the soil. Biochar
also seems more persistent in the soil thereby signifying itself as the main
alternative as the potential carbon sink of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Other benefits as acquired from the use of
biochar are among others improving soil fertility; affording greater surface
area of the biochar particles themselves, thereby rendering them able to hold
water and prevent the soil from the erosion, and fixing nitrogen and other essential
ions such as calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and
magnesium (Mg+).
In general, the fertile soil requires
the organic content as much as 2%. In
this regard, biochar becomes the proper alternative in managing the soil
particularly as the carbon supplier and soil-fertility enhancer
(bioconditioner). Lehmann (2007) stated
that all organic stuffs added into the soil significantly the various soil
functions and unexceptionally the retention of various nutrients essentially
beneficial for vegetation (plant) growth.
Biochar turns out more effective in retaining the availability of
nutrients for plants compared to other organic stuffs such as leaves, compost,
or animal manure. Biochar is also able
to hold phosphor elements, which can not be retained by the usual soil
organics. Further, Lehmann and
Roondon (2006); and Rondon et al. (2007) reported that biochar also
provided favorable growth media for soil microbes. Biochar can enhance the retention of water
and soil nutrients, and increase the nutrient availability. The effect of increasing the soil carbon
content using biochar is more permanent compared to that using organic stuffs
or other fertilizers.
II. CHARCOAL/BIOCHAR AS
BIOCONDITIONER
According to Ogawa (1989), charcoal,
when added into the soil, can serve as soil-fertility enhancer. This is because charcoal can improve water
and air circulation in the soil, thereby triggering the growth of roots and
providing favorable habitats for the growth of plant seedling (nurseries). Besides increasing the soil pH, charcoal also
make ease the growth of spores and increase of their number from either ecto or
endomiccorhiza, thereby earning itself the term as soil conditioner. Suhardi (1998) expressed that charcoal as
added to the soil besides enhancing its fertility could also function as a
fixer for particular stuffs/compounds.
This is closely related to the role of forest ecosystem (forest and
soil) as the carbon sink in absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere.
In Japan, the use of charcoal in fact
could the increase of rice production as much us 50%. In addition, the charcoal use was able to
increase the number of leaves, enlarge the area of tree canopy (crown)
particularly at the town forests, thereby rendering it effective to mitigate
and decrease the air pollution as well as temperature through the absorption of
atmospheric CO2 (Japan Domestic Fuel Dealers Association,
abbreviated as JDFDA, 1994). Further,
results of the JDFDA experiments (1994) revealed that the addition of charcoal
and calcium phosphate simultaneously to several forestry plant species could
increase four times as many population of miccorhiza as that of the control
(without charcoal addition). In pine
trees, such addition significantly brought about the development of tree
branches and leaves. Likewise, the
charcoal addition to bamboo plants could increase the number of their
sprouts. In Indonesia, Faridah (1996) concluded
that the addition of charcoal powder as much as 10% of the media volume brought
about significant effect on the initial height growth of kapur (Dryobalanops)
plants. Sunarno and Faiz (1997)
recommended the use of rice husk as the main seedling media in the pot tray as
the alternative for peat-soil substitute.
Charcoal contains numerous pores, and
therefore when it is added to the soil, this proves effective to hold and
retain soil nutrients. Afterwards, the
nutrients will be released slowly or gradually in accordance with the amount
required by the plants (slow release). In addition, charcoal exhibits hygroscopic
characteristics such that he nutrients in the soil will be easily leached out,
and the corresponding area is therefore ready for use. The benefits of charcoal with its use in
integration with agriculture field are among others improving and enhancing
soil condition, intensifying soil-water flow, triggering the growth of plant
roots, adsorbing the residual pesticides and the excess of fertilizer in the
soil, favoring the growth of soil bacteria as the microorganism media for
symbiosis activities, preventing particular plant diseases, and increasing the
fruit production as well as imparting its tastes (Anonim, 2002).
In agriculture field, charcoal can be
used to increase the soil pH from the acidic to neutral condition, which is
usually done by using agriculture lime that contains Ca and Mg compounds,
thereby reducing and neutralizing the poison behavior of Al and other negative
effects due to acidic soil condition.
Due to its characteristics that can be used to increase the soil pH,
therefore the charcoal finds itself beneficial uses at marginal lands lie which
are scattered widespread in Indonesia. Therefore, the addition of charcoal on soil
can also improve physical, chemical, and biology properties of the soil. If the soil structure and textures are
favorable, then it will facilitate the spore development and increase their
number from either ecto or endo micorrhiza.
In Kamerun, the use of biochar could increase the average harvest crops
up to 240% (Biochar found, Jeremy Hance, 2010).
Biochar as employed at the level of 10 tons per ha exhibit similar
efficiency as those of organic or inorganic fertilizers. As such, the biochar increases the harvest
crops as much as in average 240% at the poor soil. These results were similar to those as
encountered in the application of biochar at 20 tons per ha.
A. Increasing the soil pH and
sol-microorganism activities
The critical condition of land area
usually exhibits acidic pH, and this situation will not allow for the activity
and growth of microorganisms, thereby rendering the area sooner or later dying
with no nutrients available for plant growth.
The use of charcoal can increase the acidic soil pH to normal, thereby
favorably assisting the growth, development, and other activities of
microorganisms. In Figure 1 is shown the
effect of adding the charcoal to the soil that increased its pH and activities
of microorganisms in the soil
 |
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 |
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Figure 1. The effect of charcoal addition to the soil
on the increase of soil pH (A), and the development of soil microorganisms (B)
Remarks: AKT = charcoal from pine bark; AKM = charcoal
from maangium bark; SB = bacteria; NFB – nitrogen-fizing bacteria
B.
Charcoal could trigger the growth of plant sprouts
The Center for Research and
Development on Forestry Engineering and Forest Products Processing (CRDFEFPP, Bogor) has conducted the
experiment using charcoal to enhance the soil fertility (soil conditioner)
since 1996. The charcoal as employed
focused more on the utilization of forestry wastes. It was preceded with the use of wood-sawdust
wastes into charcoal using semi-continuous kiln. In general, the nutrient content in the wood
sawdust depended on the kinds of raw materials of sawdust. In general, the charcoal as carbonized from
the mixed wood sawdust exhibited the N-nutrient coantent in the range of
0.3-0.6%; total P and available P contents about consecutively 200-500 ppm and
30-70 ppm; K nutrient content about 0.9-3.0 meq/100 grams; Ca nutrient content
about 1-15 meq/100 grams; and Mg nutrient content about 0.9-12 meq/100 grams
(Gusmailina et al., 1999). The addition of charcoal as the nursery media
mixture brought out significant increase in the diameter of Eucalyptus urrophylla (Figure 1).
Figure
2. The effect of adding charcoal with
various wood (lingo-cellulosic) species origin on the growth of E. urrophylla stem diameter (Gusmailina et al., 1999)
Remarks: ASP = rice-husk charcoal; ASG =
wood-sawdust charcoal; AB = bamboo charcoal; Kp = Compost; K = control; ASR =
vegetation-litter charcoal; AJ = teak-wood sawdust charcoal
The application of charcoal brought
out significant responses, with respect to the diameter as well as height of
1.5 month old Acacia mangium
stems. The addition of charcoal with
various wood/lignocellulosic species origin as much as 20% revealed that the
growth media mixed with the vegetation-litter charcoal yielded the most
favorable responses, followed in decreasing order by the addition of rice-husk
charcoal. Likewise, the addition of
charcoal as much as 30% disclosed that the growth of plant sprouts was better
on the media mixed with vegetation-litter charcoal. The application of charcoal to Eucalyptus
urrophylla plants in the field revealed that when they reached 15-month age the
increase in their height was higher using bamboo charcoal than using sawdust
charcoal (ASG). Experiment results
exhibited that the addition of charcoal either as the media mixture or in the
field brought about favorable effect on the growth of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus
urrophylla plants. Wood sawdust
signifies as the potential raw material and turns out very prospective
suggested as charcoal for bioconditioner.
In Figure can be seen the effect of charcoal application on the growth
of Acacia mangium plants, when their age reached 3 months old.
Figure 3. The effect of adding charcoal to the growth
media on the growth of its corresponding 3-month old Acacia mangium plants
(Documentation
photos by Gusmailina)
Michinori Nishio (1999) also reported about
the effect of incorporating biochar on the growth of particular plants. In Table 1 were disclosed the experiment
results done by Michinori Nishio (1999) regarding several responses exerted due
to the use of chacraol/biochar.
Table 1. Growth responses of
particular plants due to the incorporation of charcoal/biochar
|
Parameter
|
Area of the plants
without charcoal (control)
|
Area of the plants
that incorporated compost charcoal
|
Area of the plants
that incorporated chemical fertilizer)
|
|
Number of leaves
|
64
|
139
|
71
|
|
Average length of leaf
|
5.76
|
7.68
|
6.04
|
|
The average width of leaf
|
3.25
|
4.08
|
3.26
|
|
Germination rate, (%)
|
80
|
90
|
85
|
|
Length
of roots
|
22
|
24
|
25.5
|
|
Length of the stem
|
14.66
|
17.19
|
18.23
|
|
Diameter of stem
|
1.2
|
1.35
|
1.33
|
|
Number of seeds
|
26
|
89
|
37
|
|
Weight of 100 seeds
|
28.1
|
44.25
|
33.85
|
Sumber : Michinori
Nishio, (1999)
C.
Bio-active compost charcoal (Fermented Biochar)
Bio-active compost charcoal typifies
as one of the biochar items produced from the composting (fermenting)
process. These biochar item have been
produced and socialized to the community since 2003. There have been a lot of benefits enjoyed by
the particular community group who implemented this technology product. Various kinds of wastes as available in the
vicinity of community residence could be utilized as biochar raw materials, and
then were implemented at various plant species with significant and
satisfactory results, as shown in the following figure.
Figure
4. Application of bio-active compost
charcoal (fermented biochar) at murbey, hot-pepper, and papaya plants, located
at Ciobgo village, Karyasari Sub District, Lewiliang Disctrict, Bogor
Regency. (Documentation photos by Gusmailina)
Figure 4 revealed the trial-test
results of adding bioactive compost charcoal at the cultivation of murbey
plants as the forage for silkworms. The
production of bioactive compost charcoal focused on enhancing the productivity
of murbey leaves for the cultivation of silkworms. In addition, such application was also done
to the cultivation of nilam, papaya, and Melaeuca
bracteata plants. The yields as
obtained were very promising and convincing, as by only adding bio-active
compost charcoal as much as 0.5 kg per cluster of murbey plants, this enabled
them when reaching 10-month age to increase five times as many the number of
murbey leaves as those of the control (without bioactive compost charcoal). Besides, such addition also improved the
qualities of silk yarns as produced from their corresponding worms.
Figure 5.
Application of bioactive compost charcoal to the vegetable plants that
grew under the pine tree stands, located at Ciloto.
In Figure 5 is shown the application
of bioactive compost charcoal to the agriculture plants such as broccoli pok
choi. Such application was also done at
Ciloto (Forestry District of Cianjur) to pok choi, broccoli, and carrot
plants. The results as acquired in the
unit area of 400 m square revealed that the production increased by 1500 kg,
when compared to those using the regular fertilizer commonly employed by the
farmers, such as bokasi fertilizer. In
addition, such use of bioactive compost charcoal could also reduce the use of
chemical fertilizer as much as 40%.
Further, in Figure 6 is disclosed the
application of biochar to the sprouts of Eucalyptus
citriodora plants, while Figure reveals the biochar application to the bulian
and eaglewood sprouts. Still related,
Figure 8 discloses the application of biochar to several apriculture
plants. The results as acquired were
quite favorable and significant for the further application.
Figure
6. Application of biochar to the sprouts
of Eucalyptus citriodora plants
(Documentation photos by Gusmailina)
Figure
7. Application of sawdust biochar to
bulian and eaglewood sprouts in jambi (Documentation
photos by Gusmailina)
A B C
Figure
8. Application of biochar to several
agriculture plants, i.e. celery in Jambi (A); red pepper (B) in Jambi; and hot
red pepper (C) in Pelabuhan Ratu (Documentation
photos by Gusmailina)
In 2003 was done the trial test of
sawdust-biochar use on the growth of teak (Tectona
grandis) sprouts until they reach 4 months old, located at the seedling
area of Jembolo Sub Forestry District, administered by the State Forest
Enterprise, Forestry District of Semarang (Central Java Province). Results revealed that the use of sawdust
biochar and sawdust compost could increase the growth of teak sprouts and the
number of their survival as much as 100% compared to those of the control. The use of biochar as much 50% brought about
the most favorable portion for the growth of teak sprouts (Komarayati, 2000).
Application of bioactive compost
charcoal to the cabbage plants in Ciberureum, Garut (West Java Province) indicated that the use of such
bioactive compost charcoal was very favorable.
This is shown by the production of cabbage which was higher and more
compact in its texture, which weighed about 2 kg per cabbage fruit (Figure
9). Likewise, the application of
bioactive compost charcoal to the decorative (ornamental) plants (rose and
algebra flowers) brought out very favorable results. The effect disclosed that that not only was
the flower and leaf color brighter, but also the corresponding plants afforded
high resistance (the flower and leaves of the plants not easily fallen off).
Even, when the plants were left without cares, their flowers despite becoming
dry were still in place firmly (not easily fallen off.
Figure
9. Application of compost charcoal at
the cabbage vegetable plants
(Documentation
photos by Gusmailina)
Figure
10. Application of compost charcoal to
the flower plants
(Documentation
photos by Gusmailina)
The application of bioactive compost
charcoal to the tobacco plants brought out favorable results, yielding the
leaf-cut pieces that weighed about 7.5 ounces (approximately 250 grams). Meanwhile, its corresponding weight of the
control (without bioactive compost charcoal) reached only 3 ounces (about 90
grams). In this way, therefore, the
tobacco trees which were planted with the addition of bioactive compost
charcoal produced the tobacco leaves about 2 times as much the weight as that
without the bioactive compost charcoal.
In addition, the drying of tobacco leaves where their host trees
incorporated the use of bioactive compost charcoal proved also more efficient,
requiring only 3-4 days, while those of the control took longer days for the
drying. Likewise, the aroma and smell of
tobacco leaves that used bioactive charcoal were more pungent and stronger
compared to those of the control.
D. Nutrient components contained in the sawdust
charcoal
The charcoal commonly is composed of
water, volatile matter, tar, wood vinegar, ash, and fixed carbon. Such composition depends on the kinds of
charcoal raw materials, and carbonization methods. However, in general the resulting charcoal
afford a comparative superiority in each use.
For example, in agriculture field, all those components are needed, but
in industry its water content should be kept minimum (Anonim, 2002). The nutrient content in the sawdust charcoal
depends also on the raw material of sawdust itself. In general, the charcoal carbonized from the
wood sawdust exhibit the N nutrient content in the range about 0.3-0.6%; total
P and available P nutrient content about consecutively 200-500 ppm and 30-70
ppm; K nutrient content about 0.9-3 meq/1oo grams; Ca nutrient content about
1-15 meq/100 grams; and Mg nutrient content about 0.9-12 meq/100 grams
(Gusmailina et al., 1999). The related details are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. The composition
and quality of sawdust
charcoal
|
No
|
Characteristics
|
Total
|
|
1
|
The yield, %
|
24,5
|
|
2
|
Water content, %
|
2,78
|
|
3
|
The ash content, %
|
5,74
|
|
4
|
Volatile content, %
|
20,10
|
|
5
|
Carbon content, %
|
74,16
|
|
6
|
acidity (pH)
|
10,20
|
|
|
Nutrient
content, ppm
|
|
|
7
|
Nitrogen (N)
|
5397,60
|
|
8
|
Phosphorus (P)
|
1476,0
|
|
9
|
Potassium (K)
|
783,13
|
|
10
|
Sodium (Na)
|
313,69
|
|
11
|
Calcium
(Ca)
|
1506,03
|
|
12
|
Magnesium (Mg)
|
1234,0
|
|
13
|
Iron (Fe)
|
1617,6
|
|
14
|
Copper (Cu)
|
103,64
|
|
15
|
Zinc
(Zn)
|
62,32
|
|
16
|
Manganese
(Mn)
|
112,95
|
|
17
|
Sulfur
(S)
|
528,92
|
III. CHARCOAL AS AN ADDITIONAL CARBON OFFSET
According
to experts, billions tons of carbon is separated
from the rest of the
decomposition of biomass agriculture,
plantation and forestry
can be stored in the soil in the world. Carbon stored in the pores of
charcoal or is currently better
known as "biochar", is
an important alternative to address greenhouse gas
emissions. Biochar appears to lock carbon
in a longer time, up to 15 to 20 years, even
recent information suggests that biochar can
be store in the
soil at least 100 years, even some experts say
more than 5000 years (http://www.airterra.ca/ biochar).
Carbon offset is
a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions measured
in tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)
equivalent. Carbon offsets or savings
resulting from changes made to avoid or absorb carbon dioxide
or greenhouse gas
main (methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride). So
in this case the additional carbon
offsets is the additional reduction in CO2 emissions through the use of biochar.
Figure 11. Charcoal with pores on the surface that serves as adsorb and absorbent
(sequester) CO2 and other greenhouse gases
in the soil, and serves also as a 'soil amandement'
(Source: http://www.airterra.ca/biochar)
As the deposits of carbon in soil biochar works by binding and storing CO2 from the air to prevent it from escaping
into the atmosphere. Bonded carbon content in the soil and stored up a large amount of time, estimated at hundreds to thousands of years, but the exact calculation of the amount of CO2 that can be tied very rarely available. A scientist states that for an area 250 ha able to bind to 1900 tonnes of CO2 a year. The results Anischan Gani study, expressed biochar can increase water retention and soil nutrient and increase the availability of nutrients. Effect of
increased carbon content in soil is more permanent than the addition of biochar additions of organic material forms or other fertilizer.
Further noted also that the benefits of biochar in the soil was too much more than just as a soil fertility and increase crop productivity. The results of recent research proves unique biochar as a promising alternative for the
improvement of agricultural land and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other CO2 into the atmosphere. Biochar is also more persistent in the soil so that it can be a primary choice as a potential sink for atmospheric CO2.
Since charcoal knew can
sequester carbon in soils for hundreds to
thousands of years, the subject of considerable potential as
a tool to slow global warming. Burning and
natural decomposition of trees and agricultural
materials accounted for a large amount of CO2 released
into the atmosphere.
Biochar can store this carbon in the soil, potentially making significant reductions in
atmospheric GHG levels,
at the same presence on earth can improve
water quality, improve soil fertility, increase agricultural productivity and reduce pressure on forest
growth that has been advanced.
Thus the use of charcoal as biochar, or arkoba (fermented biochar)
its use should be disseminated to all actors of
agriculture, forestry and plantations in order to be useful as a balancer
in the carbon cycle in nature.
Figure
12. A. Schematic of Biochar Solution, B.
Biochar as carbon Negatif
IV. CONCLUSION
Biochar is charcoal
focused use on soil. Because it has the characteristics:
high surface area, high volume, micropores,
density, macropores, and water binding
as well as, then called as bio condisioner. Biochar
is able to supply the carbon, reducing CO2
from the atmosphere by tying into the ground,
more persistent in
the soil so that it can be a
primary choice as a potential sink
for atmospheric CO2.
Biochar also provide
a good growing medium for a variety of soil
microbes, can increase
water retention and
soil nutrients and increase the availability of nutrients. Effect of increased carbon content in soil is more permanent than the
addition of biochar additions of organic material
forms or other
fertilizer. The benefits of biochar in the soil which
increases soil pH and soil microorganism
activity, spurring the growth of seedlings as well as so-called
bioconditioner. The series of results showed that the use of charcoal / biochar,
or arkoba (biochar
fermentative) in various
types of forestry and agricultural crops,
gave significant results on crop production.
Biochar appears to lock carbon in a
longer time, up to 15 to 20 years, even recent
information suggests that biochar can be store in the soil at
least 100 years, even some
experts say more
than 5000 years. Carbon
offset is a reduction
in greenhouse gas emissions measured in tons
of equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2).
Carbon offsets or
savings resulting from changes made to avoid
or absorb (absorb)
carbon dioxide or
greenhouse gas main
(methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur
hexafluoride). So the additional carbon offsets in this case, the additional reduction in
CO2 emissions through the use of biochar.
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